When the powerful Category 5 storm struck Jamaica on the 28th of October with winds of 185mph, it caused a picture of utter destruction. Homes, medical facilities, and critical infrastructure were destroyed, leading to 32 fatalities and affecting an estimated 1.5 million. For mental health expert Toni-Jan Ifill, it was immediately clear that the physical wreckage would be accompanied by profound and persistent emotional wounds.
“Commonplace sounds can provoke them,” Ifill notes. “A patient spoke of a trolley we often push through the halls, whose sound evoked memories of cracking branches and the howling wind. She now refuses to experiencing that particular noise.”
Over six weeks after the hurricane, which also impacted parts of Cuba, recollections of the frightening storm continue to haunt some staff at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston. The mere sound of rain can now cause panic among individuals who endured it.
The Unseen Cost Beyond Billions in Damage
The catastrophic event resulted in a significant aid package valued at up to $6.7bn over several years and an additional payment of millions from a pioneering catastrophe bond. But, experts warn this economic assistance fails to account for the invisible cost: pervasive mental health crises—particularly among those who had been recovering from Hurricane Beryl in 2024.
While most attention is directed toward restoring buildings, research over the past three years indicate that the likelihood of PTSD increases markedly after major storms and forced relocation. Experts are now calling for the inclusion of mental health support into national recovery strategies across small island developing states.
Increased Risks: Loss and Emotional Stability
Researchers stress how long-term dislocation, loss of livelihoods, and insufficient support worsen emotional distress. A scholarly article warned of a heightened danger of PTSD, depression, and anxiety after climate-related events. Additional analysis found similar anxiety, fear, and emotional distress among people displaced by other hurricanes.
Dr. Eamin Heanoy, a academic who has studied disaster survivors globally, notes that survivors could face a trio of psychological hurdles: PTSD, depression, and anxiety.
Dr. Rose-Ann Smith, a professor in risk reduction, echoes this view. She notes that while individuals can be strong, as the planet continues to warm, psychological well-being is becoming an increasingly significant issue—although detailed prevalence surveys is still lacking.
Both Smith and Heanoy found that women reported more severe emotional impact than men. “So it’s quite possible women are more psychologically vulnerable than males when disaster strikes,” Smith says.
The Uncertain Path to Healing
Dr. Heanoy states that while some short-term recovery in well-being can happen within a year, the ultimate prognosis are still unclear. The degree to which survivors recover depends heavily on the circumstances of their suffering and the resources accessible.
The experts observe that the loss of homes and resources can intensify the emotional challenge to rebuild. Smith labels housing loss “one of the primary stressors,” particularly when people have no economic cushion. “Starting again comes with its own emotional tax,” she adds.
Ifill sees the same pattern among her patients: “Individuals who had pre-existing mental health challenges have reported it’s significantly worse in this aftermath.”
Beyond the emotional impact, physical issues persist. The hurricane wiped out critical water infrastructure, delaying the full return of water services. Financial aid, while necessary, do not address all of the systemic weaknesses laid bare by the storm.
Community Cohesion as a Essential Foundation
Critically is that rebuilding alone cannot heal the psychological injuries caused by permanent disabilities. Research consistently finds that survivors often find social networks to be more responsive than government assistance.
“State support is essential,” Smith states. “In its absence, or when it is delayed, neighbors provide mutual aid.”
Ifill notes the value of community solidarity in navigating hardship. She notes she was “impressed by the resilient spirit” among strong communities. “Everything is destroyed, right? But if a community has a positive outlook, they make jokes about the storm.”
Additionally, she praises steps to encourage mental health awareness after the disaster but advises about the dangers of doomscrolling. “The guidance included curating news intake, following official updates, and using messaging apps to connect with family.”
A Growing Regional Priority
Over the past decade, psychological support has garnered greater attention from international agencies due to the intensifying climate emergency. The growing regularity of extreme weather has catalyzed the development of tools for mental health response.
Regional institutions have released comprehensive manuals to train responders in delivering psychosocial support in the wake of catastrophes. These initiatives aim to build community and personal strength by building capacity, combating stigma, and promoting the seeking of professional help.
Monetary support are also identified as fundamental for preserving mental health. A producer from another Caribbean nation, who lost everything in a past disaster, stresses the hopelessness that arises when promised compensation fails to materialize. “Assessments were made... But to this date, we did not receive the promised help,” he recounts.
An Appeal for Holistic Rebuilding
Leaders note that the Caribbean region contributes a tiny fraction of global emissions yet suffers disastrous climate impacts. A timely and comprehensive reconstruction is deemed critical to avoid prolonged suffering.
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